Chemically Standardized Isolates from Cedrus deodara Stem Wood having Anticancer Activity

Abstract

An isolate ”CD lignan mixture” comprising lignans from stem wood of Cedrus deodara consisted of (-)-wikstromal (75 - 79 %), (-)-matairesinol (9 - 13 %) and benzylbutyrolactol (7 - 11 %) and was studied for its in vitro cytotoxcity against human cancer cell lines. The in vivo anticancer activity of CD lignan mixture was studied using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and colon carcinoma (CA-51) models in mice. Its effect was also studied on annexin V binding, intracellular caspases and DNA fragmentation to gain insight into the mode of action. In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed significant dose-dependent effects against several cancer cell lines from different tissues such as breast, cervix, neuroblastoma, colon, liver, and prostrate at 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL. The IC₅₀ values varied from 16.4 ng/mL to 116.03 μg/mL depending on the cell line. Comparative data of IC₅₀ values of CD lignan mixture showed a synergistic effect in comparision to the individual molecules, i. e., (-)-matairesinol, (-)-wikstromol present in CD lignan mixture. CD lignan mixture had the most pronounced effect on CNS cell lines followed by colon. The tumor regression observed with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and CA-51 was 53 % and ∼54 %, respectively, when CD lignan mixture was given at 300 mg/kg, i. p. for nine days in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model and 400 mg/kg, i. p. for the same period in the CA-51 model. It was comparable with 5-fluorouracil at 22 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively. CD lignan mixture at 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL increased the percentage of annexinV positive HL-60 cells to 1.9 - 17.18 % as compared to control (1.04 %). In K562 cells CD lignan mixture at 10, 30 or 100 μg/mL and staurosporine (1 μM) showed 9.13 %, 11.38 %, 17.22 % and 28.07 % intacellular caspases activation, respectively. A distinct DNA laddering pattern was observed for treatment with the CD lignan mixture in HL-60, K562 (30 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL) and MOLT-4 cells (30 μg/mL) after 24 h incubation. DNA cell cycle analysis indicated that CD lignan mixture at 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL increased the content of hypodiploid (sub G₁ phase) cells when compared to control (2.55, 5.4 and 6.25 % vs. 0.27 %). The present study indicates that CD lignan mixture has cytotoxic potential against human cancer cell lines. It has the ability to induce tumor regression in vivo. It induces apoptosis as indicated by annexin V positive cells, induction of intracellular caspases, DNA fragmentation and DNA cell cycle analysis.

Key words

Cedrus deodara - Pinaceae - cytotoxicity - apoptosis - anti-tumor

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